Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences
von: Linda George, Kenneth Ferraro
Elsevier Reference Monographs, 2015
ISBN: 9780124172852
Sprache: Englisch
550 Seiten, Download: 8652 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
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| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences | 4 | ||
| Copyright Page | 5 | ||
| Dedications | 6 | ||
| Contents | 8 | ||
| Foreword | 12 | ||
| Preface | 14 | ||
| About the Editors | 16 | ||
| List of Contributors | 18 | ||
| I. Theory and Methods | 20 | ||
| 1 Aging and the Social Sciences: Progress and Prospects | 22 | ||
| Theoretical and Conceptual Developments | 23 | ||
| Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage Theory | 24 | ||
| Cumulative Inequality Theory | 25 | ||
| Methods and Data | 25 | ||
| Data Developments | 25 | ||
| Statistical Sophistication | 27 | ||
| Emerging Themes in Aging Research | 28 | ||
| Increased Attention to Cohort Analysis | 28 | ||
| The Effects of Social and Economic Disruptions on Aging | 29 | ||
| The Great Recession | 30 | ||
| Hurricane Katrina and Other Disasters | 30 | ||
| Gradual, Incremental Cultural Change | 31 | ||
| Income Inequality and Health | 31 | ||
| What Aging Research Contributes to the Social Sciences: The Big Picture | 35 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| 2 Trajectory Models for Aging Research | 42 | ||
| Growth Modeling in a Nutshell | 44 | ||
| Example 2.1 | 45 | ||
| Latent Class Modeling in a Nutshell | 50 | ||
| Example 2.2 | 50 | ||
| Example 2.3 | 53 | ||
| Example 2.4 | 55 | ||
| Latent Class Growth Analysis | 57 | ||
| Example 2.5 | 57 | ||
| Growth Mixture Modeling | 58 | ||
| Example 2.6 | 59 | ||
| Important Issues in the Implementation of Trajectory Methods | 62 | ||
| Data Structure and Method | 62 | ||
| Measurement of Time | 63 | ||
| Importance of Assumptions | 65 | ||
| Extraction of Classes and Inclusion of Covariates | 66 | ||
| Conclusion | 68 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| II. Social Structures and Processes | 72 | ||
| 3 Biodemography: Adding Biological Insight into Social, Economic, and Psychological Models of Population and Individual Hea ... | 74 | ||
| Introduction | 75 | ||
| Expansion of the Demographic Approach: The Process of Health Change | 75 | ||
| The Expanded Biodemographic Model of Health | 76 | ||
| Measuring Biomarkers in Population Studies | 78 | ||
| Use of Biomarkers in Assessing Population Health and Health Care Use and Its Effectiveness | 79 | ||
| Summary Indices of Biological Risk | 82 | ||
| Genetic Markers as a New Frontier | 87 | ||
| Summary | 88 | ||
| Appendix: Information on Biomarkers often Used in Social Science Research | 88 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| 4 Late-Life Disability Trends and Trajectories | 96 | ||
| Introduction | 96 | ||
| The Conceptualization of Disability | 98 | ||
| Measuring Disability | 100 | ||
| Evidence on Trends in Disability Prevalence | 103 | ||
| Overall Trends | 103 | ||
| Between-Group Differences, Compositional Change, and “True” Change | 105 | ||
| Potential Explanations for “True” Change | 107 | ||
| Individual-Level Disability Trajectories | 108 | ||
| Time to Death as an Additional “Time” Variable | 112 | ||
| Accounting for Sample Losses due to Death | 113 | ||
| Conclusion | 113 | ||
| References | 114 | ||
| 5 Early Life Origins of Adult Health and Aging | 120 | ||
| Introduction | 120 | ||
| Historical Overview | 122 | ||
| Early Origins of Adult Disease: From FOAD Through DOHaD to a Life Course Perspective | 123 | ||
| The Intrauterine Environment | 123 | ||
| The Postnatal Environment | 124 | ||
| Physical Growth and Development | 125 | ||
| Early Adverse Environments and the Stress Response | 125 | ||
| A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective | 126 | ||
| Early Life Origins of Functional Aging in a Life Course Perspective | 128 | ||
| An Integrated Life Course Model of Aging | 128 | ||
| Structural Reserve and Compensatory Mechanisms | 131 | ||
| Endocrine System | 131 | ||
| Life Course Physical and Psychological Influences on the HPA Axis | 132 | ||
| Vascular Function | 133 | ||
| Lifetime Influences on Vascular Function | 133 | ||
| Physical and Cognitive Capability | 134 | ||
| Lifetime Influences on Physical and Cognitive Capability | 134 | ||
| Conclusions and Future Directions | 135 | ||
| References | 137 | ||
| 6 Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health | 142 | ||
| Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health | 142 | ||
| Theoretical Perspectives | 144 | ||
| Life-Course Perspectives on Health | 146 | ||
| Theories of Life-Course Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities | 148 | ||
| Research Across Minority Groups | 149 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 152 | ||
| References | 156 | ||
| 7 Immigration, Aging, and the Life Course | 162 | ||
| Introduction | 162 | ||
| Immigration as a Life-Course Experience | 163 | ||
| The Principle of Life-Span Development | 165 | ||
| The Principle of Agency | 166 | ||
| The Principle of Time and Place | 166 | ||
| The Principle of Timing | 167 | ||
| The Principle of Linked Lives | 168 | ||
| Immigrants and Families | 169 | ||
| Socioeconomic Outcomes of Older Immigrants | 171 | ||
| The Health of Older Immigrants | 173 | ||
| Conclusion | 174 | ||
| References | 176 | ||
| 8 Gender, Time Use, and Aging | 182 | ||
| Introduction | 182 | ||
| Measuring Time Allocation in Later Life | 184 | ||
| “A Day in the Life” of Older Adults | 186 | ||
| Age and Gendered Time Use | 187 | ||
| Employment and Family Role Influences on Time Use | 188 | ||
| Work and Family Roles, Gender, and Leisure Activities | 190 | ||
| The Social versus Solitary Dimension of Time | 192 | ||
| Caregiving, Time Use, and Well-Being | 193 | ||
| Measuring Caregiving Time | 193 | ||
| Future Directions | 195 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 197 | ||
| References | 197 | ||
| 9 Social Networks in Later Life | 200 | ||
| Introduction | 200 | ||
| Network Concepts and Definitions | 201 | ||
| Basic Social Network Data Concepts | 201 | ||
| Elements of Network Structure and Composition | 203 | ||
| Composite Network Measures | 204 | ||
| Why and How Social Networks Matter | 204 | ||
| Access to Social Resources | 204 | ||
| Health and Well-Being | 205 | ||
| Aging and Social Network Change | 208 | ||
| Theories of Network Change in Later Life | 208 | ||
| Consequences of Network Change for Older Adults | 209 | ||
| Social Networks and Stratification | 210 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | 210 | ||
| Socioeconomic Status | 211 | ||
| Gender | 212 | ||
| Emerging Topics in Network-Gerontology | 212 | ||
| Electronic Networks | 212 | ||
| Whole Networks | 213 | ||
| Network Diffusion Processes | 214 | ||
| Negative Network Ties | 215 | ||
| Conclusions | 215 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| III. Social Factors and Social Institutions | 222 | ||
| 10 Stability, Change, and Complexity in Later-Life Families | 224 | ||
| Introduction | 225 | ||
| Theoretical Roots and Conceptual Advances | 226 | ||
| Intergenerational Solidarity | 226 | ||
| The Life-Course Perspective in Later-Life Family Relationships | 227 | ||
| Within-Family Complexity | 228 | ||
| Substantive Advances | 228 | ||
| Supportive Exchanges Between Generations | 228 | ||
| Relationship Quality Between Older Parents and Adult Children | 231 | ||
| Social Structural Characteristics | 231 | ||
| Ascribed Characteristics | 231 | ||
| Achieved Structural Characteristics | 232 | ||
| Value Similarity | 234 | ||
| Exchange Processes | 234 | ||
| Sibling Relations | 234 | ||
| New Directions in the Study of Relationship Quality Between Siblings | 235 | ||
| Patterns of Support Between Siblings | 235 | ||
| Grandparent–Grandchild Relations | 236 | ||
| New Directions in the Study of Relationship Quality Between Grandparents and Grandchildren | 237 | ||
| Patterns of Support Between Grandparents and Grandchildren | 237 | ||
| Marriage in the Later Years | 238 | ||
| Conclusion | 239 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| 11 The Influence of Military Service on Aging | 246 | ||
| Introduction | 246 | ||
| Cohort Flow, Periods of War, and the Composition of the US Older Adult Population | 247 | ||
| Military Service as a “Hidden Variable” in Aging Research | 249 | ||
| Mechanisms Through Which Military Service Influences Aging | 251 | ||
| An Overview of Military Service and Aging Among Specific War Cohorts | 253 | ||
| WWI | 253 | ||
| WWII | 255 | ||
| Korean War and Post-Korean War | 256 | ||
| Vietnam War | 257 | ||
| All-Volunteer Force | 259 | ||
| Studying Military Service and Aging | 261 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| 12 Religion, Health, and Aging | 270 | ||
| Introduction | 270 | ||
| Religious Involvement over the Life Course | 271 | ||
| Religion, Health, and Well-Being | 273 | ||
| Religion and Physical Health | 273 | ||
| Religion and Psychological Well-Being | 274 | ||
| From Correlation to Explanation: Identifying the Health-Related Dimensions of Religion | 275 | ||
| Religious Services Attendance | 275 | ||
| Religious Coping Responses | 276 | ||
| God-Mediated Control Beliefs | 277 | ||
| Religion and a Sense of Meaning in Life | 278 | ||
| Religious Involvement and Forgiveness | 279 | ||
| Prayer | 280 | ||
| Social Relationships in the Church | 281 | ||
| Spiritual Struggles: Assessing the Dark Side of Religion | 283 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity, Religion, and Health | 284 | ||
| Conclusions | 285 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 286 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| 13 Evolving Patterns of Work and Retirement | 290 | ||
| Introduction | 290 | ||
| The Beginning and End of Earlier and Earlier Retirement | 292 | ||
| A Closer Look at the Retirement Process in the Modern Era | 294 | ||
| Changes to the Traditional Pillars of Retirement Income and How They Relate to Labor Force Participation | 296 | ||
| The Increasing Importance of Macroeconomic Influences | 301 | ||
| The Potential Benefits of Continued Work Later in Life | 303 | ||
| Disclaimer and Acknowledgments | 306 | ||
| References | 306 | ||
| 14 Productive Engagement in Later Life | 312 | ||
| Introduction | 312 | ||
| Conceptual Issues | 313 | ||
| Defining the Term | 313 | ||
| Controversies in Defining the Term | 314 | ||
| Relevance of Productive Engagement in Later Life | 315 | ||
| Demographic Context | 315 | ||
| Prevalence of Productive Engagement in Later Life | 316 | ||
| Scholarship on the Antecedents and Outcomes of Productive Engagement | 318 | ||
| Conceptual Frameworks | 318 | ||
| Overview of the Current Evidence on Antecedents of Productive Engagement | 320 | ||
| Theoretical Perspectives | 320 | ||
| Empirical Findings | 321 | ||
| Overview of the Literature on Outcomes of Productive Engagement | 323 | ||
| Theoretical Perspectives | 323 | ||
| Empirical Findings | 324 | ||
| Challenges and Future Directions | 325 | ||
| References | 328 | ||
| 15 Aging, Neighborhoods, and the Built Environment | 334 | ||
| Introduction | 334 | ||
| Theoretical Models of Neighborhood | 335 | ||
| The Concept of Neighborhood | 335 | ||
| Contextual and Compositional Neighborhood Effects | 336 | ||
| The Interaction of Person and Environment | 337 | ||
| Neighborhood Stress Process Model | 338 | ||
| Neighborhood Structure and the Health of Older Persons | 340 | ||
| Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage | 340 | ||
| Racial and Ethnic Segregation | 342 | ||
| Stressors and Resources | 343 | ||
| The Built Environment and the Health of Older Persons | 345 | ||
| Physical Activity and Health | 345 | ||
| The Disability Process | 346 | ||
| Aging in Place | 348 | ||
| Recovery of Mobility | 349 | ||
| Discussion and Directions for Future Research | 349 | ||
| Age and Time | 349 | ||
| Toward Evidence-Based Interventions | 350 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| 16 Abusive Relationships in Late Life | 356 | ||
| Introduction | 356 | ||
| Prevalence of Elder Abuse | 357 | ||
| Global Perspectives | 358 | ||
| A Socioecological Framework for Understanding Elder Abuse | 359 | ||
| Ecological Theory | 359 | ||
| A Life Course Perspective | 360 | ||
| Models of Social Organization | 360 | ||
| Feminist Theories | 361 | ||
| Vulnerabilities and Risk for Elder Abuse | 361 | ||
| Age, Gender, Race, and Ethnicity | 362 | ||
| Cultural Beliefs and Perceptions | 363 | ||
| Health and Cognitive Abilities | 363 | ||
| Social Interactions and Isolation | 364 | ||
| Perpetrators of Elder Abuse | 364 | ||
| Spouses/Partners | 364 | ||
| Adult Children | 365 | ||
| Other Relatives | 366 | ||
| Trusted Others | 366 | ||
| Responses to Elder Abuse | 367 | ||
| Community Perceptions | 367 | ||
| Interventions | 368 | ||
| Policy Initiatives | 369 | ||
| Future Research | 369 | ||
| References | 370 | ||
| 17 The Impact of Disasters: Implications for the Well-Being of Older Adults | 376 | ||
| Introduction | 376 | ||
| Types and Definitions of Disasters | 377 | ||
| Influence of Residential Environment on Disaster-Related Activities and Outcomes | 378 | ||
| Group Evacuation versus Individual/Independent Evacuation | 379 | ||
| Temporary Evacuation, Transfer, or Permanent Relocation | 380 | ||
| Age and Vulnerability | 381 | ||
| Stress and Coping | 382 | ||
| Age and Resilience | 382 | ||
| Disaster-Related Physical and Mental Health Issues | 384 | ||
| Social Factors and Disaster Response Outcomes | 385 | ||
| Role of Formal and Informal Social Support and Social Networks | 386 | ||
| Formal Support | 386 | ||
| American Red Cross and Medical Reserve Corp, Community Faith-Based Organizations, Social Agencies | 386 | ||
| Informal Support and Social Networks | 387 | ||
| Senior Centers, Family, Friends, Neighbors | 387 | ||
| Future Directions | 388 | ||
| Conclusion | 389 | ||
| References | 389 | ||
| 18 End-of-Life Planning and Health Care | 394 | ||
| Introduction | 394 | ||
| Death and Dying in the United States | 395 | ||
| Demographic and Epidemiologic Contexts | 395 | ||
| Cultural Context of Death and Dying | 397 | ||
| Medicalization of Death and Dying | 397 | ||
| The Movement toward Patient Autonomy | 398 | ||
| Advance Care Planning | 399 | ||
| Components and Limitations | 399 | ||
| ACP Benefits and Consequences | 401 | ||
| Trends and Differentials | 402 | ||
| Public Policy Innovations | 404 | ||
| Physician’s Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) | 404 | ||
| Affordable Care Act | 405 | ||
| Physician-Assisted Suicide | 406 | ||
| Conclusion and Future Directions | 407 | ||
| References | 409 | ||
| IV. Aging and Society | 414 | ||
| 19 Organization and Financing of Health Care | 416 | ||
| Introduction | 416 | ||
| A Brief History of Medicare and Medicaid | 418 | ||
| Moving into an Era of Health Reform | 422 | ||
| Supplementing Medicare with Medicaid and other Insurance | 424 | ||
| Medicaid | 426 | ||
| Employer-Sponsored Plans | 426 | ||
| Medigap Insurance | 427 | ||
| Medicare Advantage | 428 | ||
| No Coverage | 429 | ||
| The Affordability and Sustainability Questions about the Future of Medicare and Medicaid | 429 | ||
| Major Options for Reform | 430 | ||
| A Private Plan Approach | 431 | ||
| More Incremental Approaches | 433 | ||
| The Issues of Financing Medicare and Medicaid | 434 | ||
| References | 435 | ||
| 20 Innovations in Long-Term Care | 438 | ||
| Introduction | 438 | ||
| Defining Long-Term Care | 440 | ||
| A Brief Historical Overview of Long-Term Care in the United States | 441 | ||
| Selected Innovations in Long-Term Care | 443 | ||
| Integrating Acute Care with Long-Term Care Services | 443 | ||
| Rebalancing Long-Term Care Efforts | 447 | ||
| Consumer-Directed Care Options | 448 | ||
| Culture Change | 449 | ||
| Pay-for-Performance | 450 | ||
| Informal Care | 451 | ||
| Transitional Care/Care Coordination | 452 | ||
| Health Information Technology | 453 | ||
| Looking Toward the Future of Long-Term Care | 454 | ||
| References | 455 | ||
| 21 Politics and Policies of Aging in the United States | 460 | ||
| Introduction | 460 | ||
| The Altered Political Perceptions of Older Americans | 461 | ||
| Positive Standing and Policy Benefits | 461 | ||
| Policy Benefits and Political Standing | 463 | ||
| The Transformation of Seniors’ Political Environment | 465 | ||
| The Shifting Economic Context | 466 | ||
| New Political Realities | 467 | ||
| The Newly Conflicted World of Old-Age Policy | 467 | ||
| Accounting for Old-Age Policy Enactments | 470 | ||
| Emerging Issues | 474 | ||
| References | 476 | ||
| 22 The Future of Retirement Security in Comparative Perspective | 480 | ||
| Introduction | 481 | ||
| Social Security in the United States | 481 | ||
| Efforts to Partially Privatize Social Security in the United States | 482 | ||
| Social Security “Parametric” Reform Proposals | 483 | ||
| Employer-Sponsored Pensions in the United States | 484 | ||
| The Rapid Move from DB Pensions to DC Pensions | 484 | ||
| The Emergence and Future of 401(k) Pensions | 484 | ||
| Pros and Cons of 401(k) Plans | 485 | ||
| The Problem of Major Market Corrections | 485 | ||
| The Implicit Assumption of Financial Literacy | 485 | ||
| International Developments and Lessons | 486 | ||
| The Trend toward Partial Privatization | 486 | ||
| Chile: A Very Influential Move from the PAYG-DB to the FDC Model | 487 | ||
| Argentina: An Unsuccessful Latin American Experiment in Partial Privatization | 488 | ||
| China: An Innovative New Rural Pension Model | 489 | ||
| The United Kingdom: An Industrial Country Having Noteworthy Problems with its FDC Pillar | 492 | ||
| Canada: A PAYG-DB-Based Scheme with Lessons for the United States | 494 | ||
| Conclusion | 495 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 497 | ||
| References | 497 | ||
| 23 Health Inequalities Among Older Adults in Developed Countries: Reconciling Theories and Policy Approaches | 502 | ||
| Introduction | 502 | ||
| Theories of Health Inequality in Older Age | 503 | ||
| Fundamental Cause Theory | 504 | ||
| Life Course Theories of Health Inequality | 505 | ||
| Cumulative Dis/advantage (CAD) | 505 | ||
| Cumulative Inequality Theory | 507 | ||
| Welfare States and the Interplay of Social Solidarity and Equity | 508 | ||
| Pensions | 509 | ||
| Long-Term Care | 511 | ||
| WHO Health in All Policies | 512 | ||
| WHO Age-friendly Environments Programme | 513 | ||
| Promising Avenues for Sociological Research | 515 | ||
| References | 517 | ||
| Author Index | 522 | ||
| Subject Index | 540 |